Ethernet Networks - Forth Edition

- Design
- Implementation
- Operation
- Management

-----------------------------------------

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Networking Concepts 1
1.1 WIDE AREA NETWORKS 2
COMPUTER-COMMUNICATIONS EVOLUTION 2
REMOTE BATCH TRANSMISSION 2
IBM 3270 INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM 3
NETWORK CONSTRUCTION 5
NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS 8

1.2 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 8
COMPARISON TO WANS 9
TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 14
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM 22
ACCESS METHOD 29

1.3 WHY ETHERNET 33
Chapter 2 Networking Standards 37

2.1 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 37
NATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 38
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 39

2.2 THE ISO REFERENCE MODEL 40
LAYERED ARCHITECTURE 41
OSI LAYERS 42
DATA FLOW 46
vii
viii con tent s

2.3 IEEE 802 STANDARDS 48
802 COMMITTEES 48
DATA LINK SUBDIVISION 51

2.4 INTERNET STANDARDS 55
RFC EVOLUTION 56
TYPES AND SUBMISSION 56
OBTAINING RFCS 57

2.5 CABLING STANDARDS 57
EIA/TIA-568 58
UTP CATEGORIES 59
CABLE SPECIFICATIONS 60
OTHER METRICS 61
CAT 5E AND CAT6 63
Chapter 3 Ethernet Networks 65

3.1 ETHERNET 65
EVOLUTION 66
NETWORK COMPONENTS 66
THE 5-4-3 RULE 73

3.2 IEEE 802.3 NETWORKS 74
NETWORK NAMES 74
10BASE-5 75
10BASE-2 79
10BROAD-36 87
1BASE-5 89
10BASE-T 90

3.3 USE OF FIBER-OPTIC TECHNOLOGY 100
FOIRL 100
OPTICAL TRANSCEIVER 101
FIBER HUBS 101
FIBER ADAPTER 102
WIRE AND FIBER DISTANCE LIMITS 102

3.4 HIGH-SPEED ETHERNET 108
ISOCHRONOUS ETHERNET 108
FAST ETHERNET 110
100VG-ANYLAN 133
contents ix

3.5 GIGABIT ETHERNET 138
COMPONENTS 138
MEDIA SUPPORT 141

3.6 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET 149
RATIONALE 149
ARCHITECTURE 150
OPERATING RATES 153
Chapter 4 Frame Operations 155

4.1 FRAME COMPOSITION 155
PREAMBLE FIELD 156
START-OF-FRAME DELIMITER FIELD 157
DESTINATION ADDRESS FIELD 157
SOURCE ADDRESS FIELD 159
TYPE FIELD 164
LENGTH FIELD 166
DATA FIELD 168
FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE FIELD 168
INTERFRAME GAP 169

4.2 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL 169
TRANSMIT MEDIA ACCESS MANAGEMENT 171
SERVICE PRIMITIVES 175
PRIMITIVE OPERATIONS 175
HALF- VERSUS FULL-DUPLEX OPERATION 176

4.3 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL 177
TYPES AND CLASSES OF SERVICE 179
SERVICE PRIMITIVES 181
4.4 OTHER ETHERNET FRAME TYPES 181
ETHERNET-802.3 181
ETHERNET-SNAP 182
IEEE 802.1Q FRAME 183
FRAME DETERMINATION 184

4.5 FAST ETHERNET 185
START-OF-STREAM DELIMITER 186
END-OF-STREAM DELIMITER 186
x con tent s

4.6 GIGABIT ETHERNET 186
CARRIER EXTENSION 186
FRAME BURSTING 189

4.7 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET 190
Chapter 5 Networking Hardware and Software 191

5.1 WIRED NETWORK HARDWARE COMPONENTS 192
REPEATERS 192
BRIDGES 195
ROUTERS 205
BROUTERS 210
GATEWAY 212
FILE SERVERS 214
WIRE HUBS 218
INTELLIGENT HUBS 219
SWITCHING HUBS 219

5.2 WIRELESS NETWORK HARDWARE COMPONENTS 221
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 221
ACCESS POINT 221
WIRELESS ROUTER 222
WIRELESS BRIDGE 223

5.3 NETWORKING SOFTWARE 224
DOS 224
NETWORK SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 225
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS 227
APPLICATION SOFTWARE 242

5.4 THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 243
OVERVIEW 244
PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT 244
THE TCP/IP STRUCTURE 245
DATAGRAMS VERSUS VIRTUAL CIRCUITS 247
ICMP 249
ARP 252
TCP 254
UDP 259
IP 260
contents xi
DOMAIN NAME SERVICE 269
NAME SERVER 272
TCP/IP CONFIGURATION 272
OPERATING MULTIPLE STACKS 275
Chapter 6 Bridging and Switching Methods and Performance
Issues 279

6.1 BRIDGING METHODS 279
ADDRESS ISSUES 280
TRANSPARENT BRIDGING 280
SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL 283
PROTOCOL DEPENDENCY 291
SOURCE ROUTING 292
SOURCE ROUTING TRANSPARENT BRIDGES 297

6.2 BRIDGE NETWORK UTILIZATION 299
SERIAL AND SEQUENTIAL BRIDGING 300
PARALLEL BRIDGING 301
STAR BRIDGING 302
BACKBONE BRIDGING 302

6.3 BRIDGE PERFORMANCE ISSUES 302
TRAFFIC FLOW 303
NETWORK TYPES 304
TYPE OF BRIDGE 304
ESTIMATING NETWORK TRAFFIC 304
PREDICTING THROUGHPUT 310

6.4 LAN SWITCHES 312
RATIONALE 313
BOTTLENECKS 314
CONGESTION-AVOIDANCE OPTIONS 314
LAN SWITCH OPERATIONS 318

6.5 SWITCH BASIC ARCHITECTURE 332
COMPONENTS 332
SWITCH FEATURES 334
SWITCHED-BASED VIRTUAL LANS 348
SWITCH USAGE 360
LAYER 3 AND LAYER 4 SWITCHING 364
xii con tent s
Chapter 7 Routers 365

7.1 ROUTER OPERATION 365
IP SUPPORT OVERVIEW 365
BASIC OPERATION AND USE OF ROUTING TABLES 368
NETWORKING CAPABILITY 370

7.2 COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORT, AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS 371
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL 371
ROUTING PROTOCOL 371
HANDLING NONROUTABLE PROTOCOLS 372
TRANSPORT PROTOCOL 373

7.3 ROUTER CLASSIFICATIONS 374
PROTOCOL-DEPENDENT ROUTERS 374
PROTOCOL-INDEPENDENT ROUTERS 377

7.4 ROUTING PROTOCOLS 381
TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS 381
INTERIOR DOMAIN ROUTING PROTOCOLS 381
EXTERIOR DOMAIN ROUTING PROTOCOLS 382
TYPES OF INTERIOR DOMAIN ROUTING PROTOCOLS 383
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL 386
CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE 389
ROUTING TABLE MAINTENANCE PROTOCOL 392
INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL 393
LINK STATE PROTOCOLS 394

7.5 FILTERING 397
FILTERING EXPRESSIONS 400
FILTERING EXAMPLES 401
ROUTER ACCESS LISTS 402

7.6 PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS 404
Chapter 8 Wireless Ethernet 407

8.1 OVERVIEW 407
NETWORK TOPOLOGY 409
ROAMING 411
PHYSICAL LAYER OPERATIONS 412
HIGH-SPEED WIRELESS LANS 415
ACCESS METHOD 418
contents xiii

8.2 FRAME FORMATS 420
DATA FRAME 421
CONTROL FIELD 422
CONTROL FRAMES 428
MANAGEMENT FRAMES 429
PHYSICAL PROTOCOL DATA UNITS 432

8.3 DEPLOYMENT 434
WIRELESS PC NETWORK ADAPTER CARDS 434
ACCESS POINT 435
COMBINED ROUTER/ACCESS POINT 436
WIRELESS BRIDGE 439
ROUTER/ACCESS POINT CONFIGURATION 439
CLIENT CONFIGURATION 441
Chapter 9 Security 447

9.1 THE SECURITY ROLE OF THE ROUTER 447
ACCESS CONTROL 448
ACCESS LISTS 457
STANDARD IP ACCESS LISTS 459
EXTENDED IP ACCESS LISTS 462
ANTI-SPOOFING STATEMENTS 471
NAMED ACCESS LISTS 472
DYNAMIC ACCESS LISTS 474
REFLEXIVE ACCESS LISTS 478
TIME-BASED ACCESS LISTS 482
CONTEXT BASED ACCESS CONTROL 483

9.2 THE ROLE OF THE FIREWALL 494
ACCESS-LIST LIMITATIONS 494
PROXY SERVICES 496
FIREWALL LOCATION 498
THE TECHNOLOGIC INTERCEPTOR 504
CHECKPOINT FIREWALL-1 510

9.3 THE ROLE OF THE VIRUS SCANNER
AND ENCRYPTION 516
VIRUS OVERVIEW 516
TYPES OF VIRUSES 517
INFECTION PREVENTION 518
xiv con tent s
DESKTOP SCANNING 519
EMAIL SCANNING 524
RECOGNIZING INFECTION SYMPTOMS 528
Chapter 10 Managing the Network 531

10.1 SNMP 531
BASIC COMPONENTS 532
OPERATION 533

10.2 REMOTE MONITORING 535
OPERATION 535
THE RMON MIB 536
MANAGING REMOTE NETWORKS 539

10.3 OTHER NETWORK MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 541
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT 542
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 543
FAULT MANAGEMENT 543
ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT 543
SECURITY MANAGEMENT 544

10.4 REPRESENTATIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS 544
TRITICOM ETHERVISION 545
CINCO NETWORK’S WEBXRAY 554
WILDPACKETS ETHERPEEK 559
Chapter 11 The Future of Ethernet 567

11.1 ETHERNET TRENDS 567
NETWORK ADAPTER CARD COST 567
FUTURE PRICE DIRECTION 568

11.2 NETWORK PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS 570
SUPPLEMENTING AN EXISTING NETWORK 571
SUMMARY 579


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